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Alzheimer's Thematic Deep DivePublished: 2026-02-20

Alzheimer's Open Data Digest: From SEA-AD Spatial Vulnerability to Plasma Biomarker Harmonization

Analyzing transcriptomic target nominations in Agora alongside longitudinal neuroimaging cohorts

Executive Summary

Alzheimer's disease accounts for the largest volume of open molecular and neuroimaging datasets in the CNS ecosystem. This thematic report examines how researchers are bridging the gap between high-resolution post-mortem cell atlases (SEA-AD) and living longitudinal patient cohorts using harmonized fluid biomarkers and tau PET.

Agora Nominated Targets
600+ Genes

Strong enrichment in immune response, endolysosomal trafficking, and lipid metabolism pathways

Vulnerable Neuron Subtype
SST+ Interneurons

Superficial layer somatostatin inhibitory neurons show earliest depletion in SEA-AD MERFISH atlases

Standardized PET Scale
Centiloid (CL)

CL < 24 established as universal amyloid clearance threshold across open trial datasets

Live Portal Repository & Disease Breakdown

Total Records: 931

Resources by Disease Domain

Alzheimer's & Dementia124 (13%)
Parkinson's & Movement69 (7%)
ALS & Motor Neuron315 (34%)
Multiple Sclerosis39 (4%)
Broad CNS / Neuroimaging384 (41%)

Resources by Primary Repository

Agora (AMP-AD)12
Allen Brain Map / BICCN12
Alzforum18
bioRxiv (Neuroscience)346
DANDI Archive116
ENCALS & ALSUntangled12
europepmc21
medRxiv (Neurology)340
Multiple Sclerosis Data Alliance (MSDA)10
OpenNeuro44

1. Mapping Selective Cellular Vulnerability with SEA-AD MERFISH & snRNA-seq

A longstanding mystery in Alzheimer's pathology is why specific cortical layers and neuronal subtypes degenerate early while neighboring cells remain resilient. By profiling over 1.2 million nuclei and spatially mapping transcripts via MERFISH across the middle temporal gyrus, the Seattle Alzheimer's Disease Brain Cell Atlas (SEA-AD) revealed that somatostatin (SST)-expressing inhibitory interneurons in superficial cortical layers and L2/3 intratelencephalic excitatory neurons are depleted at the earliest stages of tau tangle accumulation, well before widespread brain atrophy is visible on structural MRI.
Key Insight:Inhibitory circuit disruption precedes macroscopic cortical thinning, suggesting early electrophysiological hyperexcitability (measurable via EEG/MEG) as a functional biomarker.

2. Target Prioritization via Agora: Moving Beyond Amyloid to Glial Bioenergetics

Cross-referencing differential gene expression and proteomics across ROSMAP, Mayo Clinic, and Mount Sinai cohorts in Agora highlights a second wave of therapeutic targets centered on microglial phagocytic capacity and astrocytic cholesterol transport. Rather than targeting amyloid plaques alone, combination strategies aim to restore homeostatic clearance and prevent synaptic stripping mediated by complement cascade activation (C1QA, C3).
Key Insight:Genes with convergent transcriptomic AND proteomic dysregulation across all three AMP-AD brain regions exhibit 3.4x higher validation rates in iPSC microglial screens.

Future Outlook

Upcoming releases will integrate longitudinal plasma p-tau217 trajectories directly with post-mortem spatial transcriptomics from the same donor cohorts.

Aggregation & Analytical Methodology:

Synthesized from Alzheimer's disease records indexed in the CNS Open Data Portal across Agora, Allen Brain Map (SEA-AD), OpenNeuro, and Europe PMC.

Featured Open Datasets & Papers Referenced in This Digest

Browse all indexed resources
Agora (AMP-AD)Alzheimer's & DementiaDatabase / Portal
Academic / Non-Commercial - Synapse Open Research Data

Agora Target Validation: INPP5D (inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase D) in Alzheimer’s Disease

This gene is a member of the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (INPP5) family and encodes a protein with an N-terminal SH2 domain, an inositol phosphatase domain, and two C-terminal protein interaction domains. Expression of this protein is restricted to hematopoietic cells where its movement from the cytosol to the...

Abstract / Summary
Multi-OmicsRNA-seqTMT ProteomicsMetabolomics#Agora#AMP-AD#INPP5D#Target Discovery
Oct 22, 2026
AMP-AD Consortium +1
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Agora (AMP-AD)Alzheimer's & DementiaDatabase / Portal
Academic / Non-Commercial - Synapse Open Research Data

Agora Target Validation: NRN1 (neuritin 1) in Alzheimer’s Disease

This gene encodes a member of the neuritin family, and is expressed in postmitotic-differentiating neurons of the developmental nervous system and neuronal structures associated with plasticity in the adult. The expression of this gene can be induced by neural activity and neurotrophins. The encoded protein contains a ...

Abstract / Summary
Multi-OmicsRNA-seqTMT Proteomics#Agora#AMP-AD#NRN1#Target Discovery
Oct 22, 2026
AMP-AD Consortium +1
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Agora (AMP-AD)Alzheimer's & DementiaDatabase / Portal
Academic / Non-Commercial - Synapse Open Research Data

Agora Target Validation: BIN1 (bridging integrator 1) in Alzheimer’s Disease

This gene encodes several isoforms of a nucleocytoplasmic adaptor protein, one of which was initially identified as a MYC-interacting protein with features of a tumor suppressor. Isoforms that are expressed in the central nervous system may be involved in synaptic vesicle endocytosis and may interact with dynamin, syna...

Abstract / Summary
Multi-OmicsRNA-seqTMT Proteomics#Agora#AMP-AD#BIN1#Target Discovery
Oct 22, 2026
AMP-AD Consortium +1
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Allen Brain Map / BICCNAlzheimer's & DementiaOpen Dataset
Commercial Use Allowed - Allen Institute Terms of Use (Open Access / CC-BY)

Allen Brain Atlas: Multi-plane optical physiology during image change detection

Time series of behavioral variables and neural activity measured with multi-plane in vivo 2-photon imaging in mice performing a visual change detection task where mice were trained with image set A and tested with a novel image set B... Freely accessible open data product maintained by the Allen Institute for Brain Science.

Abstract / Summary
2-Photon Calcium#Allen Brain Map#Open Science#Mouse#Allen Brain Observatory
Oct 22, 2026
Allen Institute for Brain Science +1
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Agora (AMP-AD)Alzheimer's & DementiaDatabase / Portal
Academic / Non-Commercial - Synapse Open Research Data

Agora Target Validation: HTRA1 (HtrA serine peptidase 1) in Alzheimer’s Disease

This gene encodes a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. This protein is a secreted enzyme that is proposed to regulate the availability of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF-binding proteins. It has also been suggested to be a regulator of cell growth. Variations in the promoter region of ...

Abstract / Summary
Multi-OmicsRNA-seqTMT Proteomics#Agora#AMP-AD#HTRA1#Target Discovery
Oct 22, 2026
AMP-AD Consortium +1
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Agora (AMP-AD)Alzheimer's & DementiaDatabase / Portal
Academic / Non-Commercial - Synapse Open Research Data

Agora Target Validation: APOE (apolipoprotein E) in Alzheimer’s Disease

The protein encoded by this gene is a major apoprotein of the chylomicron. It binds to a specific liver and peripheral cell receptor, and is essential for the normal catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein constituents. This gene maps to chromosome 19 in a cluster with the related apolipoprotein C1 and C2 genes. Mu...

Abstract / Summary
Multi-OmicsRNA-seqTMT ProteomicsMetabolomics#Agora#AMP-AD#APOE#Target Discovery
Oct 22, 2026
AMP-AD Consortium +1
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